1 Certainty of terms

1.1 Once a contract has been made its important to ascertain its content. The content of a contract is its terms. N.B. mere representations made pre contract are not part of the contractual terms.

Overview

2 Conditions and warranties

2.1 A condition is a core element of a contract. It is fundamental to the existence of the contract.

Breach of a condition entitles the injured party to:

(i) repudiate the contract (ie. treat contract as discharged); and

(ii) claim rescission which would enable him to receive property transferred; and

(iii) claim damages: Poussard v. Spiers.

2.2 A warranty is "collateral to the main purpose of the contract". It is not essential.

Breach of a warranty entitles the injured party to claim damages only: Bettini v. Gye.

2.3 Innominate terms: is a term which cannot be categorised at the start of the contract. The court will look at the effect of the breach: Hong Kong Fir Shipping Company v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha.

Overview

3 Express and implied terms

3.1 An express term is one which has been clearly stated orally or in writing, or may be by reference at the time of contract:

3.2 An implied term is one which the court will allow because:

(a) It has to as the term is statutory (e.g. Sale of Goods Act 1979 as amended); This states that it will be a condition of the contract that (inter alia);

(i) the seller had title to the goods,

(ii) the goods are of satisfactory quality and fit for purpose,

(iii) the goods correspond with their description.

(b) It is necessary for the efficacy of the particular contract: The Moorcock; or

(c) It is customary through trade usage. Terms implied by custom cannot override the express terms of an agreement.

(d) Also where the parties have had previous dealing on the basis of an exclusion clause, that clause may be included in later contracts.

Overview

 





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